Diagnostics & Biomarkers

  • Close-up view of red blood cells floating in a blood vessel or bloodstream.

    "Biomarkers of Neurobiologic Recovery in Adults With Sport-Related Concussion"

    These blood biomarkers remained elevated up to 12 weeks after concussion, particularly in athletes with loss of consciousness. This supports their potential role in guiding safer return-to-play decisions.

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  • Multiple blood sample vials with yellow caps in a blue test tube rack

    "The Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury..."

    This review summarizes evidence on GFAP, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and other biomarkers for concussion diagnosis and monitoring. More large-scale studies are needed before clinical adoption.

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  • High-angle view of a tall tree with bare branches, depicted in a negative filter, against a red sky.

    "Serum GFAP, NfL, and tau concentrations are associated with worse neurobehavioral functioning..."

    Lower levels of GFAP, NfL, and tau protein in some chronic TBI cases were unexpectedly linked to worse mood and cognitive symptoms. This shows that biomarker changes are complex and can persist years after injury.

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  • A model of a human brain showing detailed internal structures and a small, white, tree-shaped neuron model next to it, on a gray surface.

    "The National Football League and traumatic brain injury: blood-based evaluation at the game"

    Elevated GFAP and UCH-L1 within the first year after traumatic brain injury (TBI) predicted increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. This underscores the importance of early monitoring.

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